Indium (In) Bump Bonds¶
Superconducting Materials
Superconducting 3D Integration for Scalable Processors
Tc = 3.4 K
Indium (In) Bump Bonds¶
Superconducting 3D Integration for Scalable Processors
Role in quantum circuits
Flip-chip indium bump bonds for 3D multi-chip quantum processor stacking
Why it matters
- Indium is soft and ductile, making it ideal for superconducting bump bonds that connect
multiple quantum chips in a 3D flip-chip stack. This technique enables qubit chips and control chips to be connected with low-loss superconducting contacts, crucial for scaling beyond 100 qubits.
Key facts
Low melting point (157°C) — compatible with quantum chip processing
Soft metal: forms reliable superconducting bump bonds under low pressure
Superconducting at 3.4 K — well below qubit operating temperature (~15 mK)
Enables scalable 3D quantum processor stacking architectures
Supports 50–100 qubit multi-chip module workflows